The science of straw incineration harms the field and stresses

As the largest by-product of agricultural production, straw plays a different role in different stages. From the raw materials of rural firewood and manure, it has become the main waste of agricultural production, and has even become a burden on agricultural production. At present, because the value of crop stalks has not been further developed, stalks cannot be used as raw materials for other industries. There are no other large-scale utilization methods other than returning farmland to feed and energy.

According to statistics, the total annual output of straw in Hebei Province is more than 60 million tons. The return of straw to the field is the main mode of utilization, accounting for about 40% of the total amount of straw. Straw returning can increase soil organic matter content, improve soil structure, slow down ground failure, fertilize soil, and increase nitrogen utilization rate. However, the cost of returning straw to the field needs to be increased. Currently, the cost of smashing an acre of corn straw is approximately 70 yuan. Coupled with imperfect technical measures, farmers are reluctant to adopt this technology. If there is no compulsory measure to prohibit burning, the farmers Would rather choose to burn in place.

However, straw incineration poses a lot of hazards, which not only results in the waste of resources, affects the crop production in the next season, but also causes serious environmental problems. Studies have shown that straw incineration results in almost complete loss of nitrogen from the straw, decreased surface organic matter content, reduced microbial population, decreased soil animal population, and reduced animal community diversity. Under the wheat and corn rotation planting mode, the incineration of wheat straw reduced the corn yield by 10.3%; the burning of corn straw reduced the wheat yield by 7.5%. In addition, when the straw is burned, the concentration of sulfur dioxide in the air is twice as high as usual, and the concentrations of nitrogen dioxide and respirable particles are three times higher than usual, and acid rain and black rain are easily formed. Straw burning increases the carbon black aerosol content in the air, seriously endangers human health, reduces visibility, alters tropospheric ozone and photochemical smog, and affects climate effects. It can be said that the burning of straw is only convenient for farming operations, and there is no advantage other than that.

According to the survey, farmers are reluctant to use straw returning technology. On the one hand, it is due to the increase in the cost of farming (in this regard, the state needs subsidies). On the other hand, the existing farmland management technology is incompatible with the return of straw. The return of straw to the field has brought about many new problems. To this end, the newspaper specially invited Prof. Yang Yunma, a research associate at the Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment of Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, to give a brief introduction on the issues that should be noted in the wheat-maize rotation model and the solutions.

1. When sowing corn, wheat straw needs to be crushed

Ms. Yang Yunma introduced that at present, the corn planting methods are mostly for sticking seedlings. This technology has eliminated the production links such as farming, picking, and stubbing, saving manpower and fighting for agriculture, increasing the accumulated temperature of corn and reducing production. cost. However, with the large-scale application, the drawbacks of this technology have gradually emerged. Sticking seedlings leads to poor quality of corn sowing, and the phenomenon of lack of seedlings and ridges is serious. After the wheat is harvested, the wheat stalks are not evenly covered on the surface, but are piled up in small piles in the field. The corn planter encounters piles of wheat stalks that will be blocked and lifted, resulting in different shades of corn, and even some corn seeding. Without entering the soil, when the seeder finds the problem and re-treats it, the seeder has traveled a distance, causing the corn to lose seedlings and ridges.

In addition, the application of puppets will seriously harm the pests and diseases of corn. Especially in recent years, the damage of Athetis lepigida has become more and more serious. Untreated wheat stubble and wheat straw after wheat harvest have created a suitable living environment for two A. moths. Many adults lay loose eggs on scattered wheat straw. The surface temperature and humidity are suitable, and the light is good. The larvae quickly reproduce and meet with the summer corn seedlings. They bite on the stem base and roots of the corn, causing dead seedlings, lodging and other symptoms.

Corn stalks are comminuted prior to corn sowing, eliminating the impact of the piles of straw on sowing, can solve the problem of lack of seedlings and ridges; corn stalks crushed, so that pests nowhere to shelter, spawning, pests and diseases Preventing and controlling, in particular, reducing the harm of E. apetala has a certain effect.

2. Maize straw treatment methods and supporting measures

Professor Yang Yunma told reporters that at present, the returning method of corn stalks is generally crushing and returning fields. Due to improper technical measures, the problems of low seedling emergence rate, yellow seedlings, fewer tillers before winter, and high freezing mortality rate are caused. To solve these problems, Yang Yunma conducted in-depth research and proposed the following solutions.

Straw must be handled well

At present, the return of straw to the field is mainly smashing. It must be crushed more than two times to allow the operator to slow down the operation speed. When the piles of straw are encountered, it is necessary to disperse them manually, and it is not possible to carry out rotary tilling with the straw in a group. Otherwise, the quality of the sowing will be affected.

At present, some southern counties and cities in Hebei Province treat corn stalks in sections, instead of traditional smashing and returning to fields. Through investigation, it was found that this straw treatment method has certain advantages in improving the emergence rate of wheat and promoting the delivery of wheat before winter, and Professor Yang Yunma is currently studying the scientific issues. Other regions can try this technology.

Nitrogen must be applied at the base fertilizer to slow the decomposition of straw

The process of decomposition of returned straw is a process of absorbing available nitrogen from the soil, which is often referred to as decomposition of straw and competition for nitrogen, resulting in yellowing of wheat seedlings, less tillering, slow growth, and the symptoms of temporary nitrogen deficiency. To solve this problem, base fertilizer is needed to increase the amount of nitrogen. It is also possible to reduce the degree of nitrogen contruction from the soil by straw decomposing by spraying urea solution onto the crushed corn stalk. The stalks of corn stalks proposed by teacher Yang Yunma need to be diammonium 25 kg/mu at the end of the wheat field. After smashing the straw, the urea sprayed 6 kg/mu before rotation tillage. The water consumption per mu is 15 kg.

Rotation depth must be enough

The lack of rotary tillage depth is one of the main factors that cause problems after the straw is returned to the field. The conventional tillage depth can reach more than 20 cm. Corn stalks are mixed in a 20 cm soil layer, which has little impact on wheat sowing and emergence. The design depth of rotary tillage is 15 centimeters. Due to various reasons, the actual rotary tillage depth is only about 10 centimeters, and the tillage layer is only about half of the tillage time, so that the density of straw in the tillage layer is increased, and sometimes there are clusters of straw concentrated. Distribution situation. In this case, seeding will cause some wheat seeds to be sown on the straw, and they will not be able to contact the soil. As a result, the seed will not be able to normally swell, germinate, and germinate, resulting in the appearance of flaky or ribbon-like seedlings. In addition, rotary tillage in successive years will cause shallow plowing of the farmland, which will affect the downrooting of the wheat roots, resulting in reduced drought resistance, reduced nutrient absorption and utilization, and easy lodging, affecting wheat yield. There is an urgent need for agricultural machinery manufacturers to research and develop practical rotary-ploughing machines with a depth of 18 centimeters. At present, farmers can only adopt high-powered tractors for rotary tillage operations, and tell the operators to slow down the speed and increase the depth of rotary tillage.

Must suppress the wheat after sowing

Repression is a simple and easy-to-use traditional agricultural technique. In the 1960s and 1970s, it was widely used as an effective measure to increase the lodging resistance of wheat. With the breeding of dwarf wheat and resistant varieties, repression has almost disappeared in production practice.

In recent years, with the popularization and application of straw returning technology, repressive measures have gradually been taken seriously. Straw smashing and returning to the field plus rotary ploughing depth are not enough, resulting in plough layer soil is fluffy, insulation performance is poor, seed germination rate is low, and tillering is less. The suppression of wheat after sowing can effectively crush the rubbish, solid soil, enhance the contact between the seed and the soil, increase the emergence rate, play a role in both drought resistance and cold resistance, and reduce the impact of drought and frost damage. Studies have shown that in the case of corn straw comminution, the emergence rate of wheat increased by 23.48% compared with no repression after sowing, and it also promoted the growth of wheat roots. Therefore, wheat must be suppressed after sowing.

Timely winter irrigation

At present, before planting wheat, it is generally no longer used for fleas, and most of them are robbed and sowed. The soil moisture is generally enough, or it will be enough, which requires us to carry out winter irrigation. Winter irrigation can increase the soil moisture content, conserve water for wheat returning green, delay the time of returning green water to irrigation, and achieve winter water use. After the increase of soil moisture content, it can mitigate the drastic changes of the ground temperature, prevent frozen seedlings from being killed, and ensure the safe wintering of wheat seedlings; It can also increase the number of winter tillers and the number of secondary roots. The time for winter irrigation should not be too early. It is best when the minimum temperature is below zero and the cold begins. The amount of winter irrigation should not be too large, the amount of water is about 50 square meters per mu, that is, when the ground is poured, the water can cover the entire ground.

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