I. Mechanized techniques for cultivating land in cotton fields The core of the mechanized cultivation technology of cotton fields is deep plowing, deep plowing, deep turning of the mature soil layer, and relaxation of the soil and soil layers. The depth of the plowing layer should be greater than 22 cm. The soil is deep and fertile, and the texture is loose, so that the cotton can absorb enough nutrients and water to grow well and grow, so as to facilitate high yield and improve fiber quality. There are three main forms of mechanization techniques in the cultivation of cotton fields: 1, deep plowing mechanization technology. The technology uses a squat plough or a disc plough to achieve turning, ripping, and soil mixing to facilitate the recovery of soil aggregate structure and enhance water retention and preservation. During the process of deep plowing, weeds, straws and fertilizers are buried in the surface to promote soil maturation, which will help eliminate weeds and reduce pests and diseases. The representative models of the squat plow are: Hebei Baoding Machinery Factory, Shandong Debao Baofeng Agricultural Machinery Manufacturing Co., Ltd., etc. Production of IL-330, IL-430, LXZ-435, ILT-435, ILD-535, etc. Suspended three-mass, four-masts, five-mass plows. The maximum tillage depth can reach 26-28cm. The representative models of the disc harrow are: IXY(T)-325, 425 and ILYQH-625 disc ploughs produced by Jiangsu Xuzhou Agricultural Machinery Factory and Shandong Tiancheng Machinery Group Co., Ltd., with a tillage depth of 22-25 cm. It has the advantages of small tillage resistance, good barrier performance, and adaptability to many straw fields. The above plow ploughs and disc ploughs are required to work with 50-100 horsepower wheeled or caterpillar tractors. 2, deep loose mechanization technology. This technology uses a general-purpose deep-slung machine, a full-range deep-slung machine or a mouse-way plowing operation to achieve mechanically loose soil without turning over the soil and without disturbing the soil layer. By loosening the 5-15cm soil below the plough layer, the soil beneath the cultivating layer can be matured to create suitable soil conditions for the growth of the crop. Tillage depth up to 30-50cm. All-around deep-slow and rat road plow formed by the mouse channel both water and ventilation, is conducive to water storage and drainage, is conducive to the release and storage of nutrients, is conducive to the root of the wear and fixation. The mouse channel also plays an important role in the desalination of saline-alkali land. The representative models of General Shensong are: IS-370 and 735 produced by Tiefeng Machinery Factory of Qiqihar City and IS-2.2 and 3.0 deep-seasoning machines manufactured by Jiamusi North Machinery Manufacturing Factory. The representative models of all-round deep-sweeping machines include: Research and development by China Agricultural University, Heilongjiang Nenjiang Agricultural Machinery Factory and other enterprises. The series products are ISQ-127, 140, 235, 240, 250 and 340, respectively, with 18-75 horsepower. The tractors are supporting work, but the tractors below 50 hp have poor results with all-around subsonics. The representative models of rat ploughs are: IZSS-400-3 deep squirrel road plow produced by Heilongjiang Hongxinglong Machinery Plant. The aircraft and 75-80 horsepower tractor supporting operations, the maximum depth of 40cm into the soil, the diameter of the rat channel 110-150mm, under normal circumstances, the soil deep loose once every 2-3 years. 3, deep plowing deep loose mechanization technology. This technique usually adopts the method of installing deep loose shovel after the plow body of plow plough to achieve the requirement of turning up and down the loose and not disturbing the soil layer. Deep spade shovels are available in single wing and biplane shovels. The representative models for deep plowing deep-soil machinery include: ISN-140, 175 type hanging deep-separation machines produced by Hebei Baoding Agricultural Machinery Plant, using a unique bi-level spade shovel upper and lower ripper, and installed on the upper part of the loose soil shovel. Shallowly plowing the plow body to achieve shallow turning and deep plowing and compound farming, and also can change the plow type plow body to achieve shallow plowing and deep plowing and plowing. These two models are designed to work with crawler tractors of 75 horsepower and 100 horsepower, respectively, with deep depths of up to 34-45cm. After deep plowing and deep-slacking cotton fields, medium-sized wheeled tractors with light disc harrows and nail rakes are required for site preparation before sowing. The site preparation quality before sowing should be flat, homogeneous, loose, broken, with no residual roots, stubble and weeds on the surface, and no run after earth preparation. Second, cotton planting mechanization technology The cropping system in my country's cotton region is roughly divided into two categories: the one-year-old cooked cotton area and the two-year-old cotton system. The Northwest Inland Cotton Region and most of the cotton fields in the Yellow River Basin are cooked on a yearly basis and planted in the spring with a planter; the cotton in the Yangtze River Basin is interplanted with cotton and various crops and replanted; Transplanting, sowing two ways. In recent years, the method of transplanting seedlings and growing seedlings has gradually expanded. 1. Cotton sowing mechanization technology. In the mechanization of cotton sowing, plastic film covering technology is widely used to increase the temperature and keep moisture, prevent water and drought, inhibit the growth of weeds, protect and promote root growth, early maturity, increase production and improve cotton fiber quality. At present, this technology has achieved mechanization, and there are many kinds of cotton planting machines for domestic production, and the technology has been perfected. From the point of view of the use of power, the form of man-powered haulage and machine guidance is divided into the form of hole sowing, seed sowing, furrow sowing, film sowing, film sowing and film sowing in the form of seeding. In the existing machines, there is a single film laying operation. The machine also has a film-laying planter that performs filming and sowing together. More used in the production practice is the combination of film laying and soil preparation, fertilization and sowing. Representative models of the cotton planting joint machine include: 2BMG-A series, 2BMS-A series, 2MB-IA type, 2BMFG-8C type cotton film planters produced by the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps; and produced by Xi'an Agricultural Machinery Factory in Shaanxi Province. 2BML-2, 4, 6, 8 membrane seeding joint operation machine; 2BMF-2 cotton seed sowing and fertilizing sowing machine produced by Linqing Planter Plant in Shandong Province. 2. Cotton seedling transplanting mechanization technology. The production of nutrients for transplanting cotton seedlings can be done with a mashing machine. In the Yangtze River basin cotton stamping machine is widely used. After the prepared nutrient soil is fed into the hopper, the punch is punched and formed in the bowl. The pot body is then pushed out of the bowl by the punch and sent out of the machine by the conveying mechanism. The representative models of the machine are: ZB-45, 2B-2500, and Z-700. Taking the ZB-45 portable tamper machine developed by the Yichang Institute of Agricultural Mechanization in Hubei Province as an example, the worm body made of a 45mm high 60mm diameter seed hole with a depth of 13mm is matched with a 1.3 kW single motor or diesel engine. Hours can produce 6,000 bodies. 3, cotton seedlings transplanting technology. In addition to the manual digging and transplanting of the transplanted cotton seedlings, most of the transplanted cotton seedlings were first opened by mechanical ditching or burrowing, and then transplanted by hand. The representative models had 2ZX-2 type transplanting holes matched with a 12 horsepower walking tractor. machine. The 2ZM-2 large plant cotton transplanter and the 2ZM-2A1 small plant cotton transplanter developed by Shandong Tai'an Cathay General Tractor Plant, except for seedlings, artificial seedlings, ditching, fertilization, water injection, and planting. Seedlings, soil covering and compaction were all completed by the machine at one time, achieving a zero breakthrough in cotton transplanting in China. However, these machines need to be further improved and improved to improve their reliability. Third, cotton field management mechanization technology Cotton is a medium-tillage crop. Field management operations include cultivating fertilizer, plant protection, irrigation, pruning, and defoliation and ripening. 1. Cotton cultivating mechanization technology. Inter-row cultivating requires weed removal and loosening of soil. It is generally required that the seedling stage, bud stage and flowering stage each be carried out once. The cultivator depth should be increased from 10cm to 18cm in order to ensure that the surface and bottom of the arable layer are flat and the topsoil is loose and not buried. Do not press the seedlings or damage the stems and leaves. The top dressings should be timely, appropriate and uniform. Generally, they should be applied once in the Dingling, budding, and early flowering stages. The depth of fertilizer application should be 8-14cm, and the distance from the seedlings should be 10-15cm. Shi. The depth of trenching between rows is 8-22cm, and the width of the trench is 30-40cm, so that the depth of the trench is the same, the soil is well-grounded, and seedlings and seedlings are not buried. The main types of cultivators are: ZFX-2.8 hanging special cultivating fertilizer spreader, 2BZ-6 type seeding, cultivating universal cultivator, 2BMG-A series film sowing cultivating topdressing general-purpose machine. During the period of top-dressing cultivation, an ordinary medium-sized wheeled tractor can be used as a supporting power. In the later period, due to the high cotton plant height and sealing, a high-gap wheeled tractor is required for supporting power, and shields are installed on the wheels to prevent damage during operations. Fruit branches. 2, cotton field plant protection mechanization technology. The plant protection mechanization technology uses cotton pest control, chemical weeding, and the application of growth regulators such as chlormequat and leafhopper. The commonly used representative machines include: WFB-18AC, 18BC, 18A3C type, 3WF-2.6, 3 type knapsack spray duster produced by Beijing Zhibao Machinery Factory, Shandong Linyi Agricultural Pharmaceutical Machinery Factory, etc.; Suzhou Agricultural Pharmaceutical Machinery Factory, etc. 3WF-7 type compressed sprayer; 3WCD-5A hand-held electric ultra low-volume sprayer manufactured by Shanghai Qianwei Micro-motor Factory; 3W-800, 1500, 1700, 2000-type raw materials produced by Xinjiang Shihezi Plant Protection Machinery Factory and Hebei Handan Agricultural Pharmaceutical Factory Machine-introduced boom sprayer; agricultural aircraft equipped with spray dusting equipment. The user can select the appropriate plant protection machinery according to the scale of the operation, the pests and diseases of the cotton at different growth stages, and the extent of the disaster. 3, cotton irrigation machinery technology. Cotton irrigation generally adopts irrigation methods such as furrow irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, drip irrigation, and membrane irrigation. All regions can be selected based on conditions and local conditions. Sprinkler irrigation machines have various forms such as manual pipe transfer, roll-over, hose reel, electric drive center support shaft, and translational type. The irrigation technology on the membrane is based on the mulching of the mulching film, and the way of laying the film is changed. That is, the mulching film on the ridge is changed to the film on the ridge, and the film-growing technique is used to cover the film. Membrane irrigation than the furrow irrigation water-saving 44% -56%, using the kind of irrigation technology, cotton seeding to use 2BMF-9, 2MBS-8, 2MB-1A membrane irrigation planter. 4, cotton topping mechanization technology. The Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps has developed and used a four-line hob-type top-raising machine in the field management of cotton to stop the growth of cotton plants and increase the use of fruit nutrient and pre-frost flowers. IV. Cotton picking mechanization technology There are many workers in cotton production, and the most difficult task for mechanization is cotton harvesting. In the annual cotton harvest season of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, 400,000 migrant workers need to be recruited from various provinces and regions in the Mainland to help take cotton. December 18, 2000, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps carried out five years of "machine picking cotton test project" passed the expert appraisal, which indicates that China's machine picking cotton has passed a milestone. Machine-picked cotton tests show that compared with manual harvesting cotton, the biggest advantage of machine-picking cotton is high productivity and low cost. A cotton picker can harvest about 38,000 kilograms of seed cotton on an average of 150 acres per day, which is equivalent to 600 tons. The workload of one labor force per day is more than 0.187-0.193 yuan per worker. Cotton picking mechanization is a complex system engineering, which involves the corresponding mechanized agronomic matching technologies, including the arrangement of the rows and rows of the cotton, even if the varieties and cultivation measures are adapted to the cotton picker; After selection and spraying, timely opening and closing of leaves shall be allowed; secondly, cotton pickers with good applicability and reasonable prices shall be selected, and the net picking time shall be more than 90%; and the matching of organic cotton picking and processing equipment shall be made so as to make the mixture contain impurities. About 10% of machine-seeded cottonseeds have been cleaned up, the trash content of lint has dropped to about 1%-2%. V. Cotton Processing Mechanization Technology The cotton processing mechanization technology is a technique that uses machinery to perform preliminary processing such as cleaning, ginning, lint cleaning, lint packing, cotton seed stripping, and seed treatment of the harvested seed cotton. The basic requirement for the preliminary processing of cotton is to protect the original quality of the fiber and remove the impurities in the fiber. There are mature processing equipment available for domestic use. Rugao Cotton Machine Co., Ltd. has been able to produce 15 series of more than 50 varieties of cotton processing machinery and complete sets of equipment, the products sell well all over the country, and exported to more than 30 countries and regions. The processing of cotton seed must first remove the short-staple rayon that remains on the cottonseed, and then perform the cleaning, grading, and blending treatment. The chemical dehairing and mechanical dehairing are two kinds of dehairing methods. The commonly used chemical dehairing methods are dilute sulfuric acid. The depilation and foam acid dehairing two. Hebei and Shandong have a complete set of equipment to choose from. Mechanical brushing equipment includes a brush wheel type cottonseed dehairing machine developed by the Xinjiang Machinery Research Institute. The flexible stripping technology can effectively remove the waste wool on the cottonseed, and the processing cost is much lower. Dilute sulphuric acid and foam acid remove fluff. Processing 1 ton of cottonseed, can recover 30-60 kilograms of short velvet, at the same time because the seed shell does not contain acid, can directly meet the coating requirements, but the mechanical velvet has a certain broken rate. Sixth, the status of cotton production mechanization China is a cotton-growing country. Both the planting area and the output per unit area are at the forefront of advanced cotton-planting countries. In the 1990s, China's annual average cotton planting area reached 5.5 million hectares, ranking the first in the world. The total output of lint was 4.5 million tons, and the yield per unit also ranked high in the world's high cotton producing countries. Compared with the advanced cotton-growing countries, our cotton production methods are backward, the scale of operations is small, labor productivity is low, and production costs are high. The average labor force for producing 50 kilograms of lint in China is 30-40 man-days, while the United States only needs 0.5 man-days. The same level of lint, domestic cotton into the factory price per ton than imported cotton more than 2,000 yuan. Due to the low price of imported cotton, the inventory of domestic cotton increased sharply and the reserves were too large. The state paid a financial assistance of up to several billion yuan each year. After joining the WTO, cotton and its products can be further marketized and internationalized. Faced with the situation, the establishment of a modern cotton production system that is technically, financially, and information-intensive around saving water and increasing efficiency has become an urgent task. Including the opportunity to promote the application of cotton production mechanization technology. About 6.6 million mu of cotton are planted annually in our province, of which nearly 5 million mu are transplanted. In the process of cotton production, mainly man-made, and the level of mechanization is relatively low. In 1996, the agricultural mechanization project of “combined deep mechanization of energy and production of mechanized cotton†was implemented, which has a certain role in promoting the application of cotton production mechanization technology in our province. At present, the mechanization of cotton production in the project area of ​​our province is: 1. Deep fertilization mechanization technology of cotton According to the actual conditions of the project area, we will focus on the promotion of deep-seeding fertilizers. We mainly use the hand-pumped Hanlin 2F-100 liquid fertilizer deep applicators recommended by the Ministry of Agriculture and the first batch recommended by the Ministry of Agriculture of Sichuan Province. The patented new product), the manpower 2BF-1D deep-fertilizer deep-fertilizer produced by Jiangsu Gaoyou Agricultural Machinery Fitting No. 3 Plant (patented new product recommended by the Ministry of Agriculture) and the human LYT series of multi-function top dressing gun produced by Gansu Zhangye Topdressing Gun Company ( This patented product has been designated by the Science and Technology Commission of the People's Republic of China. In addition, in the process of cultivating the former crop of cotton, the 2.9-4.4 kW hand held by the Agricultural Machinery Promotion Station in Feixi County and Shangpai Town Machinery Factory in Feixi County has been promoted. The 2FJ-20 ​​fertilizer deep applicator (certified by the provincial level) for tractors is used for deep base fertilizers. 2, cottonseed mechanical dehairing technology Focused on the use of 5MTT-1 equipment from the introduction of new technology from the US Jiangling First Machinery Factory and the MR144D serrated stripper from Shandong Cotton and Cotton Machinery Plant Technical processing. 3, mechanical system and application of nutrients for transplanting ZB-2500 cotton seedling machine was selected for demonstration promotion. The machine is small in size, light in weight, and easy to move in the field. It can be applied to various soils. The supporting power is 1.26KW gasoline engine, 1.5KW diesel engine or 1.1KW motor, productivity. Up to 2500/hour, in addition, it is planned to introduce Wuhan Z-700 Tray making machine for demonstration. The conditional area selects 2ZX-2 type cotton seedlings for nutrition and transplanting and acupuncturing machine, which is matched with the Dongfeng-12 hand-supporting device. The use of the machine to make acupuncture points is uniform and stable, and it can accommodate more back soil and cave walls. It is good for cotton growth and has high work efficiency and good effect. It can play about 20,000 per hour, which is 60 times more efficient than artificial one. It can speed up the progress of cotton transplanting, shorten the seedling period of cotton, and survive 3-5 days earlier than manual drilling. Combining the reality of cotton planting along the Yangtze River in our province, we are striving to cooperate with related production plants to develop and develop single-line cotton seedlings for nutrition, planting and transplanting holes with 4-6 hp power machinery. 4, low-volume spray plant protection mechanization technology Mainly promoted by the State Science and Technology Commission results office recommendation Zhejiang Jiaxing motorized sprayer plant to absorb international advanced technology 蜻蜒 3MF-26 type backpack mist dusting machine. Combine the actual promotion of the Dongfanghong-18AC and Dongfanghong-18A3C motorized sprayers produced by the Beijing Plant Protection Plant and the woodpecker 3MF-2A motorized sprayer produced by the Zhenjiang Linji Plant. Introduced and promoted the cotton swab sprayer equipped with a small four-wheel tractor from Hebei Handan Agricultural Pharmaceutical Machinery Factory. Baby Hair Clippers,Hair Trimmer,Hair Cutting NINGBO YOUHE MOTHER&BABY PRODUCTS CO.,LTD , https://www.oembreastpump.com
Cotton Production Mechanization Technology