Microbial fertilizers are biological fertilizers produced by one or more beneficial microorganisms that have been industrially fermented and fermented. Microbial fertilizers are generally divided into two categories: Classes increase the supply of plant nutrient elements through the life activities of microorganisms contained therein, resulting in improved plant nutritional status and thus increased yields The representative species is a bacterial fertilizer; the other is a broad-based microbial fertilizer, although it also increases the yield of crops through the life-moving activities of the microorganisms it contains. It is not only limited to increasing the supply of plant nutrient elements, but also includes the secondary metabolites that they produce, such as the stimulation of plants by hormones. effect, Promote the absorption and utilization of nutrients by plants, or they can resist pathogenic effects of certain pathogenic microorganisms, reduce pests and diseases, and increase crops Yield and quality. I. Main types and characteristics of microbial fertilizers China started early in research and application of bacterial fertilizers. In 1950, it began to conduct comprehensive research and application of various fungi such as rhizobia and antibiotics. Head In the past, nodules were most widely used in domestic agriculture, followed by antibacterial fertilizers and nitrogen-fixing bacteria. In recent years, the use of phosphorus bacteria and potassium bacteria has also become increasingly widely. After 2002, a series of actinomycete microbiological inoculants such as manure, growth promotion, disease resistance, stress resistance and soil improvement emerged. biological Organic manure is a biofertilizer made from a mixture of microbial agents and high-quality organic fertilizers. It has become more effective in production practices and has become a part or all of alternative fertilizers. New force. In microbial fertilizers, the research and application of rhizobacteria was the earliest and most extensive. At the beginning of the 20th century, some countries in Europe and the United States started business with rhizobia. Production. Rhizobium fertilizer mainly contains rhizobia. Rhizobium is symbiotic with leguminous crops and uses biological material provided by legumes for biological nitrogen fixation. Phosphorus and potassium bacteria The application of agents began in the 1960s. Potassium bacteria fertilizer is also called biological potassium fertilizer and silicate bacteria agent. Its main component is silicate bacteria. Nitrogen Fixation Fertilizer The material can use nitrogen in the air as nitrogen nutrient under normal temperature and pressure, and reduce the molecular nitrogen to ammonia, resulting in nitrogen fixation. Application of biological potassium fertilizer is to ease Potassium deficiency in China, effective measures to improve the situation of potassium deficiency in a large area of ​​soil. It is important to note that potassium fertilizer does not contain potassium fertilizer itself, so Potassium fertilizer is still required when applied. Phosphorus bacterial fertilizer is a microbial preparation that can convert ineffective phosphorus in soil into available phosphorus. Actinomycetes are organic Nutrient-based microorganisms decompose organic carbides to obtain carbon sources and energy sources. Compound bacteria fertilizer is made up of more than one microbial agent, such as EM. Second, the role of microbial fertilizer mechanism The efficacy of microbial fertilizers is mainly related to the source and effectiveness of nutrient elements, or related to the absorption of nutrients, moisture, and disease resistance by crops. There are the following aspects: 1. Increasing soil fertility is one of the main effects of microbial fertilizers. Such as various self-growing, combined, symbiotic nitrogen-fixing microbial fertilizers that can increase The source of nitrogen in the soil; the application of a variety of phosphate-solubilizing and potassium-solubilizing microorganisms can decompose the insoluble phosphorus and potassium in the soil, and thus can absorb the benefits for the crop. use. 2. Produce plant hormones to stimulate crop growth. Many microorganisms used as microbial fertilizers also produce phytohormones that stimulate and regulate The growth of the crops makes the plants robust and their nutritional status improved. 3. It exerts biological control on harmful microorganisms. Due to the inoculation of microorganisms in the roots of crops, microorganisms grow and multiply in the roots of crops and form The dominant bacteria in the rhizosphere limit the opportunities for reproduction of other pathogenic microorganisms. At the same time, some micro-organisms also have resistance to pathogenic microorganisms. Reduce the efficacy of crop diseases. Third, the microbial disease resistance mechanism Microbial fertilizers can reduce crop diseases in addition to the effects of increasing yield and income of traditional fertilizers. This is mainly due to the following three reasons: First, fat The beneficial microorganisms in the material grow and multiply, form dominant populations in the soil rhizosphere soil microecological system, and inhibit the growth and reproduction of other harmful microorganisms. To antagonize some harmful pathogens and reduce the chance of harmful microorganisms. The second is that beneficial microorganisms in the process of growth and reproduction to the crop root The soil microecology system secretes various metabolites that stimulate the growth of crops and increase the ability of crops to resist adverse environments. The third is In the case of plants suffering from diseases, freezing damage, drought, aging, etc., the application of microbial fertilizers, the bacteria contained in them can induce superoxide dismutation in crops. Enzymes eliminate free radicals caused by adversity, thereby increasing crop resistance and reducing disease. Fourth, the use of microbial fertilizers Different microbial fertilizers have different usages. 1. The use of liquid bacterial agents. (1) Use on seeds. 1 Seed dressing: Before sowing, immerse the seeds in 10-20 dilutions of the inoculum or spray wet with the diluent to make the seeds and liquid biological agents. Seek after full contact. 2 Soaking: Inoculate the seeds with appropriate amount of water, remove and dry, and sow when the seeds are white. (2) Use on seedlings. 1 Root: The liquid agent is diluted 10-20 times. The seedlings can be removed immediately after the roots are immersed in the liquid and wetted. 2 spray Root: When there are many seedlings, 10-20 times dilution can be placed in the spray nozzle to wet the roots. (3) Use of growth period. 1 Spraying: Foliage dressing can be carried out during the growing period of the crop. After the liquid microbial agent is diluted as much as required, the cloudy days are selected. After rainless days or sunny afternoons, spray evenly on the back and front of the leaves. 2 Irrigation: Stir in a ratio of 1:40 to 100 and then irrigate the planting line. Or irrigate fruit trees around the roots. 2. The use of solid microbial agents. (1) Use on seeds. 1 Seed dressing: Before seeding, spray the seeds with clean water or millet soup, mix with solid bacteria and mix thoroughly so that all seeds are covered A layer of solid biological fertilizer can be sown. 2 Soaking: After soaking the solid microbial inoculum for 1 to 2 hours, soak in the soaking solution. (2) Use on seedlings. Dilute the solid microbial inoculum 10-20 times. After the seedling is transplanted, the root can be immersed in the diluted solution and immediately removed. (3) Mix fertilizer. Each 1000 grams of solid microbial inoculum and 40-60 kilograms of fully cooked organic fertilizer are mixed and used as base fertilizer, top dressing and nursery fertilizer. (4) Mix soil. When the crop is nursed, it can be blended with the nutrient soil and mixed thoroughly to make the nutrient pods. It can also be mixed into the diluted mud before transplanting the seedlings such as fruit trees. root. 3. Bioorganic fertilizer application. (1) As base fertilizer. 40-120 kilograms of field crops are applied per acre, and they are applied together with farm manure in spring and autumn land preparation; economic crops and facilities for cultivated crops According to the local cultivation habits, the dosage can be increased as appropriate. (2) Top dressing. Compared with chemical fertilizers, bio-organic fertilizers have complete nutrition and long-lasting fertilizer effects, but bio-organic fertilizers have a slower fertilizer effect than chemical fertilizers. Therefore, use Bio-organic fertilizer should be 7-10 days ahead of chemical fertilizers for top dressing. The amount of chemical fertilizer can be used as the top dressing of chemical fertilizer. V. Several issues that should be paid attention to when purchasing and using microbial fertilizers The use of microbial fertilizers meets the principle of fertilizer safety for production safety and pollution-free agricultural products and has been included in the production of green food by the China Green Food Development Center. Allowed use of fertilizer. However, microbial fertilizer is still a new thing for many producers, so it is necessary to detail the process of promoting microbial fertilizers. Explain the precautions for use. 1. Look for your purchase. To select quality guaranteed microbial fertilizers, it is first necessary to see whether there is a production license or temporary production issued by the Ministry of Agriculture. license. The provinces are not qualified to issue production licenses or temporary production licenses for microbial fertilizers. 2. Choose a qualified product. The national regulations stipulate that the effective microbial count of microbial fertilizer bactericide is ≥200 million/g, and the effective live bacteria count of large fertilizer is ≥20 million/g. Biofertilizer still meets this requirement at the end of its effective period, and the average manufacturer should have 40% surplus at the factory. If you can't reach this standard, explain Quality does not meet the requirements. 3. Pay attention to the expiration date of the product. The core of the microbial fertilizer lies in the living microorganisms. The number of effective microorganisms in the product increases with the preservation time. If the increase is gradually reduced, if the number is too small, it will not achieve its intended effect. Therefore, it is better to use the products produced in the current year and use the products produced in the current year. Never purchase products that use more than the shelf life. 4. Pay attention to the conditions during storage and transportation. Avoid direct sunlight, prevent ultraviolet rays from killing microorganisms in fertilizers; avoid raining as much as possible and store It should be in a dry and ventilated place; the temperature of the product storage environment should avoid long-term temperature above 35 °C and below -5 °C. 5. It is prohibited to mix and disinfect germicides or seed coating agents. Sterilization of seeds should be carried out before sowing. It is best not to sow seeds with seed coating. . 6. Through reasonable agricultural technical measures, improve the environmental conditions such as soil temperature, humidity, and pH, and maintain good ventilation conditions (ie, tillage layer) (Requires loose and moist) to ensure adequate supply of energy substances and nutrients in the soil, promote the proliferation of beneficial microorganisms and exuberant metabolism, so as to play its role A good fertility effect to increase production and efficiency. In general, irrigated farmland has better results than arid lands; soils with rich organic matter and fertile soil are better than arid lands. The soil has a good effect; soil with loose air and agglomerated structure has better effect than compacted soil; application in the warm season is better than cold and low temperature application; The application of organic fertilizers is better than no organic fertilizers; the centralized application (acupoint application or furrow application) and the near root application are more effective than the application; the single application ratio and the ammonia fertilizer The effective combination of bactericidal and bactericidal pesticides is good. 7. The methods of seed dressing, basal fertilizer and topdressing used in the use of various microbial fertilizers shall be operated in strict accordance with the requirements of the instructions for use. YT-T14 YT-T14 Shenzhen Sunshine Technology Co.,Ltd , https://www.shenzhenyatwin.com
Microbial fertilizers and application techniques