Study on Feed Formula of Layer Chickens and Harm to Nutritional Imbalance

The design of layer chicken feed formulations is a rigorous science that relates both to safety and output benefits. We must also take into account the high-cost investment profits, but also to adapt to market demand and have market competitiveness.

1, the design requirements of layer chicken feed formula

Formula design of laying hens requires scientific rationality. New knowledge and new results in the field of animal nutrition are used in formulas. Under the premise of ensuring the nutrition and high-quality egg production rate of layer chickens during the growth period, the cost of feed formulas is low. Scientifically and rationally use a variety of raw materials. And resolutely put an end to the use of various illicit drugs and feed additives prohibited by the state.

2, the design method of layer chicken feed formula

In the case of layer chicken feed formulation, the ratio of concentrates is: 30%-50% of the chicks, 30%-40% of the chickens, and 35%-40% of the laying hens. The calculation method is calculated from compound feed and calculated from the set ratio and then prepared in two ways according to the ratio. When the user applies the concentrate, it should be used according to the formula recommended by the feed company. When there is a change in feed ingredients, the ratio should be calculated again. Ignoring digestibility of formulated feed ingredients is a common problem encountered with chowder other than soybean meal. If you do not consider the toxic and hazardous substances it contains. Will make the product less than the expected production effect. Even cause egg poisoning. Despite the existence of toxin-free cottonseed and double-low rapeseed. However, the application amount of cottonseed meal and rapeseed meal should not exceed 5%.

Due to geographical differences, the non-food resources used may also be different, but the basic principles of feed preparation can be determined: trace elements, "additives." The phases are constant. The other components are calculated accurately and not added. No reduction, but the increase in crude fiber is only calculated on demand. In order to ensure the stable and high production of laying hens, the digestible amino acid content and ideal protein model can be used. Give balanced rations to layer hens. The amino acid content of these amino acids meets the animal's maintenance and production needs, so that the efficiency of feed conversion is maximized and nutrient excretion can be minimized.

In addition, enzyme preparations can accelerate the degradation of nutrients in the digestive tract of animals. It can also degrade macromolecular substances that are not easily absorbed by animals into easily absorbed small molecules, thereby promoting the digestion and absorption of nutrients and improving the utilization of feed. Phytase can use phytate in feed ingredients to reduce phosphorus pollution from animal waste to the environment. The Chinese herbal medicine additive has functions of shun gas digestion, sedation and calming, anthelmintic elimination, depyrogenation, detoxification, bactericidal anti-inflammatory and the like, so that it can promote animal metabolism, enhance animal disease resistance and increase feed conversion rate.

3. The harm and prevention of unbalance of nutrient composition in layer feed formula

Many feed ingredients contain some natural toxic and harmful substances. Such as chicken feed should not use rapeseed meal, cotton seedlings and so on. Salmonella (pathogenic bacteria) should not be present in compound feeds and the heavy metal content should not exceed the prescribed content.

3.1 The damage of rapeseed cake in feed formulation of egg-shell The rapeseed cake contains more than 35% crude protein, 27.8% of digestible protein, 2.8 times higher than corn. It is a high-quality protein feed raw material, but it contains harmful sulfur The glucoside can be hydrolyzed into toxic isothiocyanates, oxazolidinethiones, nitriles, etc., which can easily cause poisoning if it is fed directly to the layer without proper treatment. The toxic content of rapeseed cake is related to its variety, and the tolerance of different varieties of egg cake to the rape cake is also different. Ordinary rapeseed cakes account for 8% of the hen's feed or 10% of the broiler's late feed can cause poisoning.

3.1.1 Symptoms

Initially, the intake was reduced, the stools were hard or thin, and the blood had different abnormal changes such as slow growth, decreased egg production, increased soft eggs, and decreased hatching rate. The necropsy is mainly a goiter. Gastric mucosal congestion or bleeding, kidney enlargement, liver atrophy with a sense of smoothness. The contents of the digestive tract (especially the stomach) are thin blackish green and the intestinal mucosa is bleeding.

3.1.2 Prevention

Poisoning was found to immediately stop feed containing rapeseed cake, drink 5% dextrose water, and add vitamin C to the feed. In the usual ingredients. Chickens less than 6 weeks of age and broilers less than 4 weeks of age do not use rapeseed cake, and the proportion of rapeseed cake in the feed does not exceed 5%.

3.2 Damage to overdose of cotton cake in feed formulation

The protein content of cottonseed cake is more than 36%, and the content of essential amino acid is second only to soybean meal in vegetable feed, and the price is low. Is a cost-effective protein feed, but it contains the toxic component gossypol. When long-term or large-scale feeding of non-detoxified cotton cake, excessive accumulation of gossypol in chickens can cause poisoning.

3.2.1 Symptoms

Poisonous chickens were anorexia, weight loss, weakness in their legs, diarrhea, faecal faeces, difficulty in breathing, and death within days; the production of eggs became smaller, protein soon became pink, egg yolk became tea blue, and the hatching rate decreased. The liver and kidneys were swollen or atrophied by necropsy. The gallbladder was dilated. The thoracic and abdominal cavities had exudate. The contents of the intestines gradually increased from the front to the back to brown soy sauce. The intestinal mucosa was shed and bleeding. The liver, spleen, pancreas, and intestinal mucosa There are waxy pigment deposits; the laying ovary and the fallopian tubes of the laying hens are highly atrophic.

3.2.2 Prevention

The cotton cake must be detoxified before feeding, and can be heated by boiling for several hours or soaked in 0.2%-0.5% ferrous sulfate for 24 hours. Limit the amount of feed, the amount of cotton cake in the feed is generally less than 5%. No more than 7% layer chickens, breeders, chicks are best not used. It is best to increase the protein, vitamin A, and calcium content when using a cotton seed cake. After finding out that the chickens are poisoned, they should quickly replace the quality feed containing no cotton cake, add ferrous sulfate fine powder to the feed, and drink 5% glucose water or licorice, tea, mung bean soup. You can also add soymilk, milk, or drinking 0.02%-0.03% potassium permanganate solution (deletion of gossypol in the gastrointestinal tract, but this method can only drink once) in drinking water.

3.3 Damage to Excessive Salt in Feed Formulas for Layers

Salt is one of the indispensable ingredients in chicken diets. The content is generally 0.3%-0.4%. Poisoning occurs quickly when the chicken eats too much salt, and chicks are most sensitive. Normal chickens feed 0.7% of salt or 1% of chicken feed can cause significant thirst and diarrhea; when the chicken salt in the feed reaches 1%. There will be a large number of deaths in the flock.

3.3.1 Symptoms

The amount of salt intake differs from the length of the duration. Symptoms are mild, drinking water is increased, feces is thin or mixed with diluted water: severe. The diseased young chicks have loose plumage, high excitement and uneasiness, howling, squeezing drinking water, loss of appetite or waste, bulging cysts, and sticky secretions in the mouth. Legs are weak and weak, or stretch forward and backward. A few steps back, that is, lying on the ground or moving to the side or standing sideways. Some diseased youngsters showed mental depression, neck contraction, vertical eyes closed, late watery diarrhea. Before the death, the paroxysmal crickets, the wings stretched, and the ground crippled, and finally collapsed and died. Post-mortem examination of dead chickens with subcutaneous edema or infiltration of light yellow gel-like material; diffuse hemorrhages in the muscles of the chest and legs: large amounts of water in the abdomen, pale yellow, mixed with gray-white fibrin exudates: large amounts of mucus accumulating in the hernia sac , glandular gastric mucosal hyperemia, and some form a pseudomembrane; acute intestinal catarrhal enteritis or hemorrhagic colitis; hepatic color swollen, brittle edge blunt, liver capsule with clot, most cases showed hepatocellular atrophy, The surface is uneven and hardened. Occasionally, the liver surface is cracked and the gallbladder is shrunken. The epicardial capillaries are dilated or bleeding. The pericardial effusion is effusion. Pulmonary edema is pale grayish: the meninges and cerebral cortex are congested or edematous.

3.3.2 Prevention

Immediately feed the original feed, feed more tender green leaves, supply plenty of fresh drinking water or 5% glucose water and 0.5% potassium acetate solution, and even drink 3 d. Correctly calculate the amount of salt and evenly mix the ingredients. Usually, the dried fish or fishmeal used in the ingredients must be measured for its salt content. If the salt content is high, the salt content is low and the salt content is low. It was found that the abnormal drinking water in the flock requires salt sampling of feed samples. Timely isolate poisoned chickens and feed brown sugar water to increase the amount of multivitamins. Those who have conditions can intravenously inject glucose and vitamin C.

3.4 Damage to Excessive Fluorine in Feed Formulas for Layers

Fluorine is an essential trace element in animal life activities. Long-term feeding of mineral additives that have not been defluorinated, such as superphosphate, natural phosphorus lime, etc., can also cause livestock and poultry fluorosis. The calcium and phosphorus supplements in chicken diets are mostly mineral phosphates, mainly calcium hydrogen phosphate, which contains a certain amount of fluorine, which can easily cause chicken fluorosis.

3.4.1 Symptoms

Loss of appetite, depression, sluggish growth, thin body, weakness in the legs, swollen joints, stiffness, gait instability, dyskinesia, soft foot, sometimes "eight" feet, severe limp or spasms, diarrhea. Some died of diarrhea, sputum, and failure. The egg production rate of laying hens decreased, the eggs became smaller, and shelled eggs, sand shell eggs, and misshapen eggs increased. Breeding long-term fluorosis in breeder breeders will reduce the fertilization rate and hatching rate

Low, newly emerged chicks exhibited skeletal deformities in the legs. The chicks grew slowly, had a white crown, and were euphemistically minded. The stenosis of the liver slightly swollen, lighter color, yellow-brown; blood stasis edema; kidney slightly swollen, texture becomes brittle, a small amount of uric acid in the ureter; intestinal mucosal hyperemia, hemorrhage, severe intestinal mucosa loss; Broken.

3.4.2 Prevention

Treat chickens that have developed fluorosis in time. If chicken fluorosis is found, feed containing high fluoride should be stopped immediately and replaced with a full-price, reliable feed. Supply low-fluorine or fluoride-free drinking water. Drinking water added slaked lime 500. 1000mk/L. The content of fluorine in the dietary calcium lactate addition material should be known exactly and used after defluorination treatment. The supply does not exceed 2% of the diet. Bone meal produced in some areas is sometimes high in fluoride and should not be used as a mineral supplement. In the feed production, there is often a certain difference between the quality of the finished product and the formula design, which does not meet the requirements of the formula design. Analyze each factor that influences the quality of the finished product, such as variations in nutrient composition of raw materials, grinding particle size, mixing uniformity, batching accuracy, manufacturing process, finished product moisture, material residue, sampling, and laboratory tests, so that the theoretical value is consistent with the actual situation. Achieve the fidelity of feed formulation.

4, egg chicken formula design skills

4.1 It is necessary to timely adjust the formula to determine the price of raw materials according to changes in raw material prices. It is necessary to determine whether the raw material price is the inventory price or the market price, which is the predicted price or the average price. Make timely adjustments to recipes based on price changes. This can reduce formula costs.

4.2 Control of Crude Fiber Content

The content of crude fiber in the compound feed is: 2%-3% for chicks, 5%-6% for the rearing period, 2.5%-3.5% for laying hens, and generally 5% for chickens.

4.3 feed composition volume should be adapted to the size of the digestive tract

Excessively large feed composition can cause excessive digestive tract burden in laying hens, affecting digestion and absorption of the feed: if the volume is too small, even if the nutrients have been met, the laying hen is still hungry and uneasy, which is not conducive to normal growth. And egg production.

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