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(II) Methods for Genetic Transformation of Several Common Plant Transgenic Methods According to whether or not they need to pass through tissue culture, regenerating plants can be divided into two categories. The first type requires regenerating plants through tissue culture. The commonly used method is the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation method. , Gene gun method; the other methods do not need to pass the tissue culture, the current more mature mainly pollen tube channel method.
1. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation Agrobacterium is a Gram-negative bacterium commonly found in soil. It can chemotactically infect most dicotyledonous wounds under natural conditions and induce crown gall tumors or Hairy roots. The Agrobacterium tumefaciens and A. rhizogenes cells contain Ti and Ri plasmids, respectively, which contain a piece of T-DNA. After Agrobacterium infects the plant wounds and enters cells, the T-DNA can be inserted into the plant genome. Therefore, Agrobacterium is a natural plant genetic transformation system. People insert the target gene into the modified T-DNA region and use Agrobacterium infection to transfer and integrate foreign genes into plant cells. Then, the transgenic plants are regenerated through cell and tissue culture techniques.
The Agrobacterium-mediated method was initially used only in dicotyledons. In recent years, Agrobacterium-mediated transformation has also been widely used in some monocotyledons (especially rice).
2. The gene gun-mediated transformation method utilizes a gunpowder explosion or high-pressure gas acceleration (this acceleration device is called a gene gun) to directly send a high-speed microprojectile containing a DNA solution with a target gene into intact plant tissues and cells, and then Through cell and tissue culture techniques, plants are regenerated and the transgene-positive plants are selected as transgenic plants. One of the major advantages of the gene gun method transformation compared to Agrobacterium transformation is that it is not limited by the range of the recipient plants. Moreover, the construction of its vector plasmid is also relatively simple, so it is also a widely used method in the current transgenic research.
3. The pollen tube channel method injects a DNA solution of the desired gene into the ovary after pollination, and uses the pollen tube channel formed during flowering and fertilization of the plant to introduce the exogenous DNA into the fertilized egg cell and is further integrated into the recipient cell. In the genome, it becomes a new individual with a transgene as the fertilized egg develops. This method was proposed by Zhou Guangyu, a scholar of China in the early 1980s. The most widely used transgenic insect-resistant cotton in China is cultivated using the pollen tube channel method. The greatest advantage of this method is that it does not rely on tissue culture to artificially regenerate plants. The technique is simple, and well-equipped laboratories are not required. Conventional breeding workers are easy to master.
(3) Common Animal Transgenic Techniques
1. Microinjection Under the microscope, DNA is directly injected into the nucleus of the embryo using a very fine glass needle (1-2 micron in diameter), and the embryo injected with DNA is transplanted into the animal body to develop it into normal. Cubs. About one-tenth of the animals produced by this method are transgenic animals that integrate foreign genes.
2. The somatic cell nuclear transfer method first introduces genes into somatic cells cultured in vitro, and screens and obtains cells with transgenes. The transgenic somatic cells are then transplanted into oocytes that have been removed from the nucleus to produce a reconstructed embryo. The reconstructed embryos were transplanted into the mother and 100% of the resulting littermates were transgenic animals.
(4) The relationship between transgenic technology and traditional technology Since the cultivation of crops by humans, our ancestors have never stopped the genetic improvement of crops. The way to improve crops over the past few millennia is mainly to select and use good genes and recombinants from natural mutations and to accumulate good genes in a random and natural way. In the past 100 years after the founding of genetics, animal and plant breeding was performed using artificial hybridization methods to carry out recombination of superior genes and introduction of foreign genes to achieve genetic improvement.
Therefore, transgenic technology and traditional technology are in the same strain, and their essence is genetic improvement through the acquisition of superior genes. However, in the scope and efficiency of gene transfer, there are two important differences between transgenic technology and traditional breeding techniques. First, traditional technologies can only achieve gene transfer among individuals within a species, while genes transferred by a transgenic technology are not limited by kinship among organisms. Second, traditional hybridization and selection techniques are generally conducted at the level of individual organisms. The target of the operation is the entire genome, and a large number of genes are transferred. It is impossible to accurately perform manipulation and selection of a certain gene and predict performance of offspring. Poor sex. The operation and transfer of transgenic technology is generally a well-defined gene with clear functions, and the post-representation can now accurately predict. Therefore, GM technology is the development and supplement of traditional technologies. The close combination of the two can complement each other and greatly improve the efficiency of animal and plant variety improvement.
Status of Research and Industrialization of Transgenic Animals and Plants at Home and Abroad (I) Research and Industrialization of Transgenic Crops
In 1983, the world’s first successful planting of transgenic plants marked the beginning of human use of transgenic technology to improve crops. In 1986, genetically modified crops were approved for field trials. In 1994, the mature and cultivated genetically modified tomatoes cultivated by Calgene Corporation of the United States were approved for commercial production. In 2000, the total area of ​​genetically modified crops grown in the world reached 44.2 million hectares, and the growth rate was very rapid.
According to incomplete statistics, the transgenic research has been successful in at least 35 plants and 120 plants. The traits involved include insect resistance, anti-virus, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-herbicides, anti-adversity, quality improvement, and Regulation of growth and development to increase yield potential.
According to the "Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development" (OECD) data, between 1986 and 2000, the OECD countries approved a total of 10,313 genetically modified organisms in field trials, of which plants accounted for 98.4% of the total, and bacteria accounted for In 1.0%, the virus accounted for 0.3%, fungi accounted for 0.2%, and animals accounted for 0.1%. Of all the 10,313 field trials that were approved, the United States accounted for 71.1% of the total.
Globally, the area under cultivation of genetically modified crops has been increasing rapidly in recent years. It was 1.7 million hectares in 1996, 11 million hectares in 1997, and increased to 27.8 million hectares in 1998, and further increased to 3 in 1999. 9.9 million hectares, despite being affected by the GMO controversy in the world, the planting area in 2000 still increased to 44.2 million hectares. Soybeans, corn, cotton, and rapeseed are planted on more than one million hectares, and herbicide resistance genes and insect-resistant genes are mainly used. In particular, it is worth pointing out that according to the 1999 data analysis, the United States planted 15 million hectares of GM soybeans this year, which accounted for 50% of the country's soybean area; the planting area of ​​genetically modified corn was 10.3 million hectares, accounting for the country's corn. 33% of the area.
At present, six kinds of transgenic plants in China have been approved for commercial production, including China's own storage-resistant tomatoes (1997), insect-resistant cotton (1997), ornamental plants Petunia (1997), anti-virus sweet pepper (1998), Antiviral Tomato (1998), and Insect-resistant Cotton (1997) cultivated by the United States Mengsandu Company. Among the above-mentioned transgenic crops, the largest planting area is insect-resistant cotton. By the end of 2000, the cumulative spread of domestic insect-resistant cotton had reached 370,000 hectares, reducing the use of pesticides by 80%, and creating a profit of 770 million yuan. According to the statistics of Shandong Province in 2000, the promotion of insect-resistant cotton reduces the use of more than 1,300 tons of pesticides. Mengsandu's insect-resistant cotton also has a large area of ​​planting.
Looking at the overall level, China’s progress in the research technology of genetically modified crops is basically synchronized with that of the international community, and it holds a leading position in developing countries. However, compared with the international advanced level, our gap is still very large, mainly because there are few genes with independent intellectual property rights, so there is a lack of stamina; industrialization is lagging behind and vitality is insufficient.
(II) Research and Industrialization of Transgenic Animals Internationally, from the early 1990s, it has begun to spend a lot of manpower and financial resources on the research and development of animal mammary gland bioreactor technology, and has achieved a lot of results. From 2001 onwards, 5-6 products including antitrypsin factor, C protein, thrombin III, glucosidase, and lactoferrin will be listed one after another, with an annual production value of about one billion US dollars. Since 1995, a large number of investments have been made in the development of somatic cell cloning technology. The focus of research and development is on the production of stem cells for therapeutic purposes such as tissue repair.
China is an international leader in the research and development of genetically modified fish. It has produced transgenic fish with excellent production performance and has no adverse impact on the ecological environment. Now it has passed pilot tests and safety evaluation tests, and it has the conditions to invest in the production of commodities. We have well established animal mammary gland bioreactors and somatic cell cloning technology platforms. The IBDV vaccine and interferon produced by animal mammary glands will be completed during the “10th Five-Year Plan†to create commercial production conditions.
The significance and prospects of genetically modified technology for China's agricultural development (1) Some major problems in China's agricultural production First, the pests and diseases of major crops have been aggravated year by year, and the large number of pesticides sprayed each year has increased the burden on peasants and increased farmers' output. It also seriously undermines the ecological environment on which human beings live, and also causes a large number of pesticide residues in foods, which endanger human health. Therefore, it is a very pressing issue to increase the insect resistance of the varieties and reduce the Application amount of pesticides.
Second, high-yield varieties require large amounts of fertilizer. At present, the fertilizing amount of crop production in most areas of China has exceeded the bearing capacity of the land. In addition to aggravating farmers' burdens, soil degradation and eutrophication of rivers, lakes and seas are becoming serious obstacles to the sustainable development of agriculture and the environment. It has become imminent to reduce the amount of fertilizers while maintaining high yields and stable production while cultivating varieties with high efficiency in fertilizer use.
Third, there is a growing shortage of water resources. In addition to long-term water shortages in the northwest and frequent droughts in North China, the frequency of droughts in the Yangtze River Basin has also greatly increased in recent years. According to statistics, China’s agricultural water consumption accounts for about 70% of the country’s total water consumption, while rice’s water use accounts for almost 70% of the total agricultural water consumption. Today, as water resources become increasingly scarce, it is necessary to cultivate drought-tolerant varieties and reduce the use of rice for the people. The survival and development of the economy and even human society are of great significance.
Fourth, the saline-alkali land in the north of China has a large area. The tropical and subtropical soils in the south are generally acidic. The poisoning of aluminum ions is a serious problem. These adverse environments have limited effects on crop planting and yield potential.
Fifth, China's main crops are of poor quality and can neither meet the requirements of improving people's living standards, but also affect the enthusiasm of farmers because of their low selling prices, and urgently need to be improved.
Sixth, the output of various crops has been awkward in the past two decades, and there has been no major breakthrough in the yield potential of the newly bred varieties.
(B) Prospects of Transgenic Technology in China's Crop Improvement In recent years, the application of transgene technology at home and abroad has cultivated cotton, corn, and rice with strong insect resistance. Insect-resistant cotton has been planted in large areas at home and abroad, and pest-resistant corn has been planted in large areas abroad, and their promotion has greatly reduced the amount of pesticides used. Insect-resistant rice is unique to China and has completed intermediate tests and has the conditions for industrialization.
Foreign countries have cultivated genetically modified wheat with efficient use of nitrogen fertilizers, and transgenic tobacco with significantly improved utilization efficiency of phosphate fertilizers. In recent years, both domestically and internationally, some genes related to the utilization efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizers have been identified. Introducing these genes to other crops may effectively increase the fertilizer use efficiency of various crops and reduce the use of fertilizers.
With the progress of molecular biology research, many genes have been obtained in the world that regulate plant water status and make plants drought-tolerant. The use of these genes will breed drought-resistant crop varieties.
In recent years, great progress has been made in the study of molecular biology of salt-tolerant and aluminum-tolerant chemicals, and transgenic plants that are resistant to salinity and aluminum toxicity have been developed. The application of transgenic technology will create new varieties of salt-tolerant and aluminum-tolerant crops in the near future.
The storage-tolerance fresh tomatoes cultivated by the use of genetically modified technology were first approved for commercial production at home and abroad. Domestically, rice with significant reduction in amylose content, cooking and taste quality has been cultivated. The "golden rice" rich in vitamin A cultivated by Swiss scientists has caused a sensation in the international community in recent years due to its scientific and political significance. Transgenic technology is expected to play an important role in improving the nutritional quality and trace elements of foods.
The application of transgenic technology to modify physiological and metabolic pathways of plants can greatly increase the productivity of crops and improve the yield potential. For example, scientists in our country have cultivated rice plants that have delayed leaf senescence through genetic modification. The productivity of individual plants has increased significantly.
In addition, fish and pigs that express the growth hormone gene show rapid growth, improved bait utilization efficiency, and improved quality, which can increase output and reduce farming costs. The protection of China's animal husbandry, fishery development and improvement of people’s living standards will all play a role in safeguarding.
Safety and Management of Genetically Modified Crops (I) Safety of Genetically Modified Crops In recent years, the safety of genetically modified crops has become one of the public’s concerns. The safety of genetically modified crops has been For some common doubts, make some discussion.
1. Is the safety of GM foods safe? This is a major concern for people with genetically modified foods.
To understand this issue, it is necessary to discuss the concept of food safety. In 1991, the “OECD†defined “safe†food as: “If it can be reasonably confirmed that consumption of a food under the expected conditions is not harmful, the food is considered safeâ€. In terms of how to evaluate the safety of genetically modified organisms, there is a widely accepted and adopted principle of “substantial equivalence†in the world. This principle emphasizes that the purpose of assessing the safety of genetically modified foods is not to understand the absolute safety of the food, but to evaluate its relative safety compared with non-genetically modified foods of the same type. In the evaluation, the “case analysis†was emphasized, that is, the safety of genetically modified foods was not generalized.
Using the principle of “substantial equivalence†as “case analysisâ€, it is not difficult to conclude that the foods produced by GMOs that have been approved for commercial production are safe. For example, both domestic and international markets are the first examples of matured transgenic tomatoes that have been approved for marketing. The effect of the transferred foreign gene is to produce antisense mRNA that partially inhibits the activity of the ethylene-producing enzyme gene. The gene itself is not detectable. The gene product, which has no added ingredients in tomato fruit, is as safe as a non-transgenic tomato.
Another example of widespread concern is insect-resistant plants. I often hear people ask: insect-resistant transgenic plants can kill insects and are toxic to humans? To answer this question, it is necessary to explain the insecticidal mechanism of insect-resistant genes. Most of the transgenic insect-resistant crops that have been cultivated now carry a Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) insecticidal protein gene. Bacillus thuringiensis is a ubiquitous class of bacteria in nature. There is a large class of insecticidal genes in Bacillus thuringiensis that has been widely used for more than 60 years as a biocide, and a thorough study of its insecticidal mechanism has been conducted both at home and abroad. The insecticidal protein produced by the Bt gene is present in the parasporal crystals. When the pests feed, the crystals are dissolved in the alkaline (pH 10-12) of the insect's midgut to produce the original toxin, which acts as an enzymatic system in the midgut. The active toxin is released and the toxin is combined with a specific receptor in the gut of the insect to produce a toxic effect. This insecticidal mechanism allows a specific Bt gene to have a specific toxic effect only on a certain class of insects. The mammal's gastric juice is strongly acidic (pH 1-2), and there is no receptor bound to the Bt toxin in the stomach. When the Bt protein enters the mammal's stomach, it is under the action of the gastric juice within a few seconds. All degradation. Years of research have repeatedly confirmed that this Bt toxin protein is harmless to mammals, birds, fish and non-target insects. In the United States, there have been no reports of a case of human and livestock poisoning in corn and cotton grown in large areas for many years. Moreover, current technology also allows the transgene to be expressed under specific tissues and under specific conditions. For example, the development of an aphid-resistant rice can allow plants to produce insecticidal proteins only in the stems and only when they are fed by insects. Produces insecticidal protein. Therefore, we can safely eat the foods produced by Bt-resistant insect-resistant crops.
Some people worry about eating genetically modified foods. After the foreign gene enters the body, it will change the human gene and pass it on to future generations. Those who hold this worry do not know the simple fact that there are thousands to tens of thousands of genes in each biological cell, and we eat hundreds of millions of genes each time we eat a mouthful of food. Human society has survived and proliferated for millions of years. No one ever feared that animal, plant, and microbial genes in food would affect human inheritance. There is also a need to know the fact that large-scale genome sequencing in recent years has found that a large number of genes share homology in the genomes of animals, plants, and microorganisms. In other words, what we usually refer to as animals, plants, and microorganisms refers to organisms as a whole. At the level of genes, many genes are not unique to animals or plants.
There is another way of saying: Natural foods are safe. Genetically modified foods come from artificially modified crops and are not safe. There is a serious misunderstanding here. First of all, genetic modification is not the beginning of genetic transformation. The media generally refer to genetically modified crops as GMOs rather than traditional crop varieties as GMOs. It is a conceptual error in itself and can easily lead to misunderstandings. As the main crop of our food, it has undergone artificial genetic modification for nearly 10,000 years. There are thousands of modified genes and there are few “natural†foods in human food. Second, natural is not necessarily safe. Most plants in the natural world produce toxins to varying degrees, acting as a defensive mechanism in the evolution process to defend against animals and insects that harm them. The improvement of mankind's thousands of years of animal and plant development has greatly reduced the level of toxins in food. However, it is known that many foods still have different degrees of adverse effects on the human body. Many human diseases are related to food. In addition, safety is only relative, and foods that are safe for some people are not necessarily safe for others. Seafood products such as shrimp and crab are delicacies for most people, but allergic reactions occur for a small number of people.
Others believe that before the approval of commercialization, the long-term effects of the safety of genetically modified foods should be ascertained. However, we all know that the main foods we eat today have not been subjected to toxicity tests and have not been evaluated for long-term safety before they are opened up into food. People do not think these foods are unsafe. There are also some foods known to be unhealthy for a long period of time (such as high fat and high sugar). No one thinks it should be banned. The large-scale cultivation of genetically modified crops has reached 7 years, and there are at least 1 billion people living with genetically modified foods. There are no examples of insecurity of genetically modified foods. The long-term effect of the safety of genetically modified foods is evident. The more scientific approach to the safety of genetically modified foods should follow the definition of “safety†and adhere to the principle of “substantial equivalenceâ€.
2. Will GM crops evolve into "super weeds"?
The overall effect of thousands of years of crop improvement in human history is that the higher the degree of genetic improvement of crops, the greater the dependence on the environment created by humans and the harder it will be to survive under natural conditions. Modern crops have changed in many traits compared to their wild relatives, and this change involves a large number of genes. Crops, especially good crop varieties, cannot be turned into weeds by the introduction of one or more genes that are not related to weeds.
However, it is worth noting that there is evidence that the phenomenon of transfer of crop genes to weeds is present, and therefore the transfer of genetically modified plants to weeds should be prevented. For crops to which herbicide resistance genes have been transferred, in particular, the transfer of herbicide-resistant genes to weeds should be prevented so that weeds cannot be controlled (ie, become so-called super weeds). In regions with crop wild relatives and close-grass weeds, attention should be paid to the monitoring of gene transfer and appropriate precautionary measures should be taken.
3. Is it safe for the eco-environmental crops? The approval of commercial production of genetically modified crops in accordance with the procedures stipulated by the national laws and regulations does not have greater adverse effects on the ecological environment than non-transgenic crops. For example, the aforementioned storage-tolerant tomatoes, as well as some similar quality-improved transgenic crops, do not have any added ingredients and are more environmentally neutral than their original counterparts. Other GM crops are beneficial to the ecological environment, such as insect-resistant crops. Field survey data of insect-resistant cotton in our country shows that due to the fight against bollworms or the lack of drugs, the natural enemies of pests are greatly increased, and the pests of aphids are also effectively controlled, so the aphids can also fight or fight less. It is expected that the promotion of other insect-resistant GM crops will have similar effects. If the amount of pesticides can be significantly reduced in the production of major crops and vegetables, the ecological environment in China will be greatly improved.
4. Whether GM crops will affect biodiversity There is a clear possibility that there is some concern that the results of replacing GM crops with traditional crop varieties will reduce the variety of species. However, this possibility is not limited to genetically modified crops. The reduction in the diversity of plant species resulting from the application of superior varieties is a common phenomenon in agricultural production. Technically speaking, transgenes only add individual genes to organisms, and the addition of genes does not change biodiversity. It should be said that in the long run, GM crops will increase the productivity of crops, thus reducing the use of farmland and using less pesticides, which will help protect biodiversity.
In order to prevent the reduction of crop species diversity, attention should be paid to the protection of crop species resources to ensure that various genetic resources are preserved. In the agricultural production, attention should also be paid to the reasonable collocation of crop varieties, so as to avoid planting a single species on a large area and causing possible pest and disease damage to crops.
(II) Controversy over the safety of genetically modified crops In recent years, there has been considerable controversy over genetically modified crops in the world (especially in Europe). These controversies have affected the research, development, and industrialization of genetically modified crops to some extent. . The outbreak of these disputes has a certain relationship with the following events.
1. Pusztai event Arpad Pusztai, a researcher at the Rowett Institute in Scotland, UK, claimed on the television station in autumn 1998 that he fed rats with a potato lectin gene that “turns down the weight and organ weight of the rats and damages the immune system.†This incident caused a sensation and triggered an international dispute over the safety of genetically modified crops. The Royal Society of the United Kingdom paid great attention to this and organized a special peer review. The report was released in May 1999 and pointed out that Pusztai's research has serious flaws in terms of trial design, methods, research results, and data analysis. Pusztai himself was also advised to retire early.
2. Monarch butterfly event
In 1999, Corney University's Losey et al. reported that the feeding of Monarch butterfly larvae with the Bt gene-resistant insect-resistant maize pollen in the laboratory can lead to death. This result was interpreted as a threat of non-target insects by transgenics. The "environmentalist" organization therefore proposed that the production and sale of genetically modified corn should be restricted.
In the summer of that year, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) organized insect experts to conduct a special study on the monarch butterfly issue. The conclusion is that insect-resistant maize pollen does not pose a threat to monarch butterflies in the field. The reasons are: (1) The maize pollen is large and heavy and spreads not far. All the pollen in the field falls within 10 yards and is 5 meters away from corn. Only one grain of maize pollen was found per square centimeter of leaves on the weeds of the milkweed; (2) Monarch butterflies usually did not eat corn pollen, and they spawned a large amount of corn after they had dispersed; (3) After investigation, In the Midwest, Bt corn accounts for 25% of corn, but the number of monarch butterflies in the field is large. In a recent report, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency pointed out that evaluating the impact of transgenic crops on non-target insects should be based on field experiments, rather than relying solely on laboratory data.
However, this incident also shows that there is still room for improvement in insect-resistant genetically modified corn, such as pollen does not produce Bt insecticidal protein, so that it can make pollen completely non-target insect-resistant.
3. Brazil Nut Incidents Scientists at American Pioneer Seed Company found that in Brazil, when the quality of soybean products was improved, a protein in Brazil nuts was rich in methionine and cysteine, and this gene was transferred to soybeans. But they found that some people had an allergic reaction to Brazil nuts and it was this protein that caused allergic reactions. They also tested the genetically modified soybeans with Brazil nut protein and found that people allergic to Brazil nuts are also allergic to this genetically modified soybean. The company then cancelled the research plan.
This incident was once described as genetic hypersensitivity caused by genetically modified soybeans. It is obviously inaccurate. But we can look at this in two ways: On the one hand, GM technology may transfer some genes that cause food allergies to crops, so it needs to be prevented; on the other hand, it also shows that the safety management of genetically modified plants can be effective. Prevent genetically modified foods from becoming allergens. In fact, the international community has already had a list of foods and related genes that can produce allergic reactions.
4. The complex background behind the controversy Transgenic research has met with many censures from the very beginning, but these refusals are basically not scientific issues. In the process of large-scale promotion of genetically modified crops in North America and South America, multinational companies such as Meng Sandu have been criticized by such organizations as the "Greenpeace Organization" and religious organizations. When these multinational corporations planned to bring GM crops into the European market, they triggered a worldwide controversy over GM crops. The causes of the controversy are very complicated, including: the relatively backward technology maturity in Europe, the Pusztai incident and the monarch butterfly incident exaggerated by the media and some non-governmental organizations, mad cow disease, dioxins and so on. Market protection and trade conflicts are also important reasons for Europe's rejection of genetically modified crops.
(III) Attitudes of the scientific community to genetically modified crops The international disputes over genetically modified crops have caused great concern in the scientific community. Many scientists and academic groups have expressed their support for genetically modified technologies in various forms.
1. The world's seven major academies issued a joint statement
On July 11, 2000, the Royal Society of America, Brazil, China, India, Mexico, the American Academy of Sciences, and the Third World Academy of Sciences issued a joint statement that the production and distribution of food should be improved to meet the growing needs of the world's population, while Reduce the adverse impact on the environment and provide more employment opportunities for low-income areas. The statement emphasized that the use of genetic modification technology can produce foods that are more nutritious, more suitable for storage and promote health, and will benefit consumers in both industrialized and developing countries. The positive and negative effects that genetic modification technology can have on the environment should be studied through systematic and concerted actions, but these impacts should be evaluated in comparison with the impact of conventional agricultural technologies currently used.
2. More than 3,000 scientists worldwide have signed declarations to preside over agricultural biotechnology. Professor Prakash of Tuskegee University in the US drafted in January 2000 a statement entitled "Scientists Support Agricultural Biotechnology". It has been signed by more than 3,000 scientists worldwide, including DNA doubles. Founder of the spiral structure, James Watson, Nobel Laureate, Founder of the Green Revolution, Norman Borlaug, Nobel Laureate, World Food Prize Winner, and Gurdev Khush, Chief Breeder of the International Rice Research Institute. The statement said: “Responsible genetic modification of plants is neither new nor dangerous. Many traits such as resistance to pests and diseases have been regularly introduced into crops through sexual crossing and cell culture methods. Compared with traditional methods, The introduction of new or different genes through recombinant DNA technology does not necessarily pose new or greater risks, and the security of commercial products is further protected by the current safety management rules. Provides greater flexibility and accuracy for crop improvement."
3. Support from the US scientific community The Basic Research Subcommittee of the House of Representatives of the US House of Representatives, based on the analysis of a large number of research findings and the hearings of many scientists involved, on April 13, 2000, with the seeds of Opportunity: On Plant Genomes and "Assessment of agricultural biotechnology benefits, safety, and supervision," and submitted a report to Congress. The report drew 13 points of discovery on people's general concerns about genetically modified plants and put forward six recommendations. The main points discovered at 13 o'clock were: agro-biotechnology has enormous potential value; there is no evidence that transferring genes from other organisms to plants has particular risks; insect-resistant species cultivated from agricultural biotechnology are not applicable to monarch butterflies and other non- The threat of target insects is practically insignificant; the labeling of agricultural biotech products is misleading and may cause consumers to confuse food safety; the federal government's management should focus on the characteristics of the plant, its planned use, and the proposed cultivation. The environment of this plant, not the method of cultivating the plant, etc. Based on the above conclusions, the report put forward six recommendations, including: Congress should ensure that the basic research on plant genomes has sufficient funding; the current Department of Agriculture (USDA), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) proposed biotechnology products as The subject’s management approach should be modified; the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) should maintain its current science-based management policy; the Food and Drug Administration should maintain its current science-based policy on food labeling; the administrative authority should Efforts have been made to ensure that the market for agricultural biotechnology products is not constrained by measures that are not scientifically based; management, business, and the scientific community should educate the public so that products that recognize agricultural biotechnology already have a long-term record of safety.
4. The current situation in Europe Due to the greater impact of the GMO dispute, the dispute is still fierce. However, the European Commission has made great efforts to promote the development of agricultural biotechnology. In July 2000, the European Commission decided to require member states to take measures to restore public confidence in the GMO approval process. In July 2001, the European Commission proposed a bill on the labeling of genetically modified products. It can also be seen as a measure to restore public confidence in GMOs.
Despite many oppositions, Europe still conducted a large number of field trials of genetically modified crops. According to data from the EU Joint Research Center, by the end of April 2001, EU countries had conducted 1,668 field trials. In the United Kingdom, where opposition was relatively strong, there were also 58 new field trial sites and 5 farm-scale trials in Scotland.
5. The response of the Chinese scientific community to the GMO controversy In recent years, the Chinese Academy of Engineering, the Ministry of Agriculture and other departments have held discussions on experts on the issue of genetically modified plants. Experts believe that due to the far-sightedness of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, the 863 plan that started without delay in the mid-1980s and the recently approved special program for genetic modification have enabled China to achieve comparative advantages in many areas of plant genome and transgenic research.
Experts believe that the laws and regulations for the management of agricultural bio-safety established in China's late 20th century have basically met the requirements for scientific and orderly management from intermediate trials to commercial production, and the “substantial equivalence†adopted in safety assessments. The principle of "case-by-case" is very scientific and reasonable. China has approved the commercial production of genetically modified crops are safe.
Experts also believe that China has now cultivated a batch of genetically modified crop materials. Some of them have passed field trials for many years and the conditions for industrialization are fully mature. They should further promote industrialization without losing time. Otherwise, not only will we lose some of the relative advantages we have achieved, lose our opportunities in international competition, but it will also affect the development of research in agricultural biotechnology and related fields, and the scientific research team will lose its cohesion, leading to the further loss of human resources. .
(IV) Management of genetically modified crops The safety of genetically modified organisms has received attention from all countries in the world from the outset. Countries engaged in genetically modified research and development have relatively well-established, science-based management rules. These systems are established. The healthy and orderly development of transgenic research and development has played a very good role.
1. Internationally, the management of genetically modified crops has seen that the United States has the most complete management system for genetically modified crops. The bottom line of this management system is the Biosafety Committee of each research unit. Its responsibility is to monitor the safety issues that each unit may have in biological research and to ensure that research work complies with biosafety procedures.
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GM technology is leading a new revolution in agricultural science and technology. At present, the public in China still has some doubts about genetically modified technology and genetically modified foods. We should adopt various forms of education to popularize life science knowledge so that the public has a more scientific understanding of genetically modified technology and actively accept genetically modified foods. Bring GM technology closer to the people for the benefit of humanity. 2.è½¬åŸºå› ä½œç‰©æ˜¯å¦ä¼šæ¼”化为“超级æ‚è‰â€
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GM technology is leading a new revolution in agricultural science and technology. At present, the public in China still has some doubts about genetically modified technology and genetically modified foods. We should adopt various forms of education to popularize life science knowledge so that the public has a more scientific understanding of genetically modified technology and actively accept genetically modified foods. Bring GM technology closer to the people for the benefit of humanity.
GM technology
Basic Concepts of Transgenic Technology (1) Definition of Transgenic Technology The artificially isolated and modified gene is introduced into the genome of an organism. Due to the expression of the introduced gene, the hereditary modification of the organism's trait is caused. This technique is called GM technology. People often say that "genetic engineering", "genetic engineering", and "genetic transformation" are all synonymous with genetically modified genes. Genetically modified organisms are often referred to in the media as "Genetically modified organisms" (GMOs).