What are peptides?
Peptides are naturally occurring biological
molecules. Peptides are found in all living organisms and play a key role in
all manner of biological activity. Like proteins, peptides are formed
(synthesized) naturally from transcription of a sequence of the genetic
code, DNA. Transcription is the biological process of copying a specific
DNA gene sequence into a messenger molecule, mRNA, which then carries the code
for a given peptide or protein. Reading from the mRNA, a chain of amino acids
is joined together by peptide bonds to form a single molecule.
There are 20 naturally-occurring amino
acids and, like letters into words, they can be combined into an immense
variety of different molecules. When a molecule consists of 2-50 amino acids it
is called a peptide, whereas a larger chain of > 50 amino acids generally is
referred to as a protein.
Peptides are in every cell and tissue in
the body
In the human body, peptides are found in
every cell and tissue and perform a wide range of essential functions.
Maintenance of appropriate concentration and activity levels of peptides is
necessary to achieve homeostasis and maintain health.
The function that a peptide carries out is
dependent on the types of amino acids involved in the chain and their sequence,
as well as the specific shape of the peptide. Peptides often act as hormones and
thus constitute biologic messengers carrying information from one tissue
through the blood to another. Two common classes of hormones are peptide and
steroid hormones. Peptide hormones are produced in glands, and a number of
other tissues including the stomach, the intestine and the brain. Examples of
peptide hormones are those involved in blood glucose regulation, including
insulin, glucagon-like-peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucagon, and those regulating
appetite, including ghrelin.
Peptides primarily creates a biological
effect by binding to cell surface receptors
For a peptide to exert its effect, it needs
to bind to a receptor specific for that peptide and which is located in the
membrane of relevant cells. A receptor penetrates the cell membrane and consists
of an extracellular domain where the peptide binds, and an intracellular domain
through which the peptide exerts its function upon binding and activation of
the receptor. An example is the GLP-1 receptor, which is located on beta cells
in the pancreas. Upon activation of the receptor by natural GLP-1 or a peptide
analog (a synthesized molecule mimicking the effect of natural GLP-1, such as
our lixisenatide), the cell is stimulated through a series of biological events
to release insulin.
There are many different type peptides
products at market nowadays, HMG,Melanotan 2,LGF LR3,EPO,CJC 1295 with
DAC,CJC1295 no DAC,PT141,PEG-MGF,GHRP-2,GHRP-6 ect. all these products r
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Fish fertilizer should pay attention to the problem
First, the application of nitrogen fertilizers (1) nitrogen fertilizer, although high nitrogen content, but a single component, is incomplete fertilizer, should be mixed with phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, the ratio of 2:2:1. Ponds with more silt may not use potassium fertilizer. (2) Before applying nitrogen fertilizer, it is best to apply organic fertilizer as base fertilizer. Nitrogen fertilizers are suitable for top dressing. (3) The application of chemical fertilizers other than ammonia water should be dissolved in water first, then Quanchiposa. Fertilize once a week in general. Every 100m2 of water depth per meter is 0.75kg per application. Large and medium-sized reservoirs should be fertilized in shallow waters in the upstream reservoirs and lakes. The fertilization site should be as far away as possible from spillways or sluice gates to avoid loss of fertilizer and water. (4) The target of application was mainly filter-feeding fish such as carp and squid, followed by omnivorous fish such as carp and squid, and the effect was poor when applied to herbivorous fish. (5) The use of nitrogen fertilizer should not be mixed with quicklime, plant ash and other alkaline fertilizers. The application of nitrogen fertilizer should also be stopped when the pH of the pool water is above 8.3. Second, the application of phosphate fertilizer (1) depending on the status of the water to determine the amount of application. The amount of fish ponds was increased by 15%, and the amount of furrows, canals, and lakes was increased by 20%. After the application, the water became lighter (transparency 25 to 30 cm) and yellowish green or brownish green was preferred. (2) Choose the appropriate varieties of phosphate fertilizer. The application of superphosphate is wider and the effect is better; followed by calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer; the effect of phosphate rock powder is poor. (3) The ratio must be reasonable. The ratio of superphosphate to urea is 1:1, and some old fish ponds with more organic matter and yellow ponds with sandy ponds can be increased to 2:1. Other nitrogen fertilizers are converted into urea according to the nitrogen content, and then calculated. (4) The casting time should be appropriate. From June to September, it is the best season to choose about 150 grams per 100 square meters of water per day from 8 to 9 am. 10 days is 1 cycle, and the interval is 2 weeks and 1 cycle is repeated. (5) Pay attention to fertilization methods. In general, it should be mixed with organic fertilizer or other nitrogen fertilizers. Phosphate fertilizer should be applied first when mixing with nitrogenous fertilizer, then nitrogen fertilizer should be applied. When applying alone, it is best to dissolve the phosphate fertilizer first and spray it on the surface of the water with a sprayer or spray it evenly. It is also possible to use a bag of phosphate fertilizer and hang it on a fixed stake in the water. (6) No matter which kind of phosphate fertilizer, it can't be mixed with quicklime and plant-wood ash;
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